Bronchiolitis obliterans (BO) is a common sequela of bone marrow, lung, and heart-lung transplantation, but rarely occurs as a complication of certain pulmonary infections, adverse drug reactions, toxic inhalation, or autoimmune disorders (nontransplant-related BO). We describe a 63-year-old female patient who developed progressive obstructive ventilatory impairment and respiratory failure within 5 years after chemotherapy [R-CHOP (rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, predonisolone)] for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. She appeared as a nontransplant patient, but her clinical history and mosaic-perfusion pattern monitored by HRCT suggested the possibility of BO. We conducted open biopsy (video-assisted thoracic surgery) and detected constrictive BO features in the lung tissue: obstruction of the bronchioles because of an ingrowth of the fibroid tissue. She is currently being treated with home-oxygen therapy and noninvasive positive pressure ventilation.