There are limited reports of prognostic factors for pulmonary Mycobacterium abscessus (Mab) disease. A single-center, retrospective, observational study was conducted to determine the prognostic factors for pulmonary Mab disease based on an examination of the clinical background and laboratory results of patients. A total of 10 cases were extracted, three of which had died during the course of the study. Underlying lung diseases and the use of immunosuppressive drugs were observed in all fatal cases, and subspecies isolated in fatal cases were all M. abscessus subsp. abscessus. Low performance status, low serum albumin level, and low forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV₁)/vital capacity (VC) at the time of diagnosis of pulmonary Mab disease were significantly correlated in the fatal group. Moreover, the recovery of the peripheral blood lymphocyte count after initiating multidrug treatments for pulmonary Mab disease was poor in the fatal group. Our results suggest that patients with poor nutritional status, low immune status, and deteriorated lung function at the diagnosis of pulmonary Mab disease may be related to poor outcome.